Mucormycosis is a rare, rapidly progressive, and often fatal opportunistic fungal infection predominantly affecting immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. Hyperglycemia and metabolic acidosis contribute to impaired host immunity and increased free iron availability, thereby creating a favorable environment for the proliferation of fungi belonging to the order Mucorales. Rhino-orbital and rhino-orbito-cerebral forms are the most common clinical presentations, characterized by angioinvasion, tissue necrosis, and rapid disease progression. Early diagnosis and prompt multidisciplinary management are crucial for improving survival outcomes. This case report describes a 50-year-old male with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus who presented with facial swelling, periorbital edema, and progressive vision loss. Radiological evaluation suggested rhino-orbital mucormycosis with pulmonary involvement. Microbiological investigations played a pivotal role in establishing the diagnosis. Direct microscopic examination of nasal biopsy using potassium hydroxide (KOH) mount revealed broad, ribbon-like, aseptate hyphae. Fungal culture on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) confirmed the presence of Mucorales, and Lactophenol Cotton Blue staining demonstrated characteristic sporangiophores and rhizoids. Despite aggressive antifungal therapy, metabolic stabilization, and supportive care, the patient succumbed to advanced disease progression. This case underscores the critical importance of integrating clinical, radiological, and microbiological findings for early and accurate diagnosis. It further highlights the necessity of strict glycemic control and vigilant monitoring in diabetic patients to reduce the risk of invasive fungal infections such as mucormycosis.

Download this article as