National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS)
|
PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com / submit@ijcmas.com Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39 NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38 |
Environmental pollution by heavy metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals poses serious risks to ecosystems and human health. Synthetic biology offers powerful tools to engineer algae and plants for improved biosensing and bioremediation of these pollutants. This review provides a systematic overview of advances in applying CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and metabolic engineering in microalgae and terrestrial plants to create “smart” biosensor organisms and highly efficient pollutant-degrading systems. We discuss how engineered algae and plants have been designed to detect environmental toxins (e.g., via fluorescent or colorimetric reporters) and to enhance degradation or removal pathways for contaminants including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and endocrine disruptors. Key examples include microalgal strains with inserted genes for herbicide-degrading enzymes and CRISPR-edited plants with increased heavy metal uptake capacity. The performance of engineered algal vs. plant systems is compared, highlighting algae’s rapid growth and suitability for aquatic environments versus plants’ extensive biomass and root systems for soil remediation. We also address challenges in scaling up these bioengineered solutions, such as biosafety containment, regulatory hurdles, and the need for robust genetic toolkits in non-model species. Overall, synthetic biology is enabling the development of algae and plants as living biosensors and as sustainable agents for cleaning up environmental pollutants, with recent successes pointing toward their increasing role in environmental monitoring and remediation in the coming decade.
Abdelfattah, A., Ali, S. S., Ramadan, H., El-Aswar, E. I., Eltawab, R., Ho, S.-H.,... Schagerl, M. (2023). Microalgae-based wastewater treatment: Mechanisms, challenges, recent advances, and future prospects. Environmental science and ecotechnology, 13, 100205.
Abhilash, P., Jamil, S., & Singh, N. (2009). Transgenic plants for enhanced biodegradation and phytoremediation of organic xenobiotics. Biotechnology advances, 27(4), 474-488.
Amaral, D. S. d., Tholozan, L. V., Bonemann, D. H., Jansen-Alves, C., Boschetti, W., Novo, D. L. R.,... Pereira, C. M. P. d. (2024). Algal biosensors for detection of potentially toxic pollutants and validation by advanced methods: A brief review. Chemosensors, 12(11), 235.
Andrianantoandro, E., Basu, S., Karig, D. K., & Weiss, R. (2006). Synthetic biology: new engineering rules for an emerging discipline. Mol Syst Biol, 2, 2006 0028. https://doi.org/10.1038/msb4100073
Ayub, A., Wani, A. K., Malik, S. M., Ayub, M., Chopra, C., Singh, R., & Malik, T. (2025). Harnessing microbes and plants for bioremediation of heavy metal contaminants: Current paradigms and future perspectives. Environmental Challenges, 101220.
Ballen, S. C., Silva, D. M., Machado, E. P., Soares, A. C., Correa, D. R., dos Santos, H. C.,... Steffens, C. (2025). Enhanced detection of atrazine and simazine in agricultural and environmental waters using graphene oxide/tyrosinase nanobiosensors. Microchemical Journal, 114000.
Basit, A., Shah, S. T., Ullah, I., Muntha, S. T., & Mohamed, H. I. (2021). Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of environmental pollutants and energy recycling in sustainable agriculture. Archives of microbiology, 203(10), 5859-5885.
Beacham, A. M., Hand, P., Pink, D. A., & Monaghan, J. M. (2017). Analysis of Brassica oleracea early stage abiotic stress responses reveals tolerance in multiple crop types and for multiple sources of stress. J Sci Food Agric, 97(15), 5271-5277. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.8411
Borah, A., Singh, S., Chattopadhyay, R., Kaur, J., & Bari, V. K. (2024). Integration of CRISPR/Cas9 with multi-omics technologies to engineer secondary metabolite productions in medicinal plant: Challenges and Prospects. Functional & Integrative Genomics, 24(6), 207.
Chaerle, L., & Van Der Straeten, D. (2001). Seeing is believing: imaging techniques to monitor plant health. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression, 1519(3), 153-166.
Chandran, P., Suresh, S., Balasubramain, B., Gangwar, J., Raj, A. S., Aarathy, U.,... Sebastian, J. K. (2025). Biological treatment solutions using bioreactors for environmental contaminants from industrial waste water. Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences, 11(2), 185-207.
Chatzikonstantinou, M., Vlachakis, D., Chronopoulou, E., Papageorgiou, L., Papageorgiou, A. C., & Labrou, N. E. (2017). The glutathione transferase family of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: identification and characterization of novel sigma class-like enzymes. Algal Research, 24, 237-250.
Chaurasia, A. K., Adhya, T. K., & Apte, S. K. (2013). Engineering bacteria for bioremediation of persistent organochlorine pesticide lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane). Bioresource Technology, 149, 439-445.
Chugh, M., Kumar, L., Shah, M. P., & Bharadvaja, N. (2022). Algal Bioremediation of heavy metals: An insight into removal mechanisms, recovery of by-products, challenges, and future opportunities. Energy Nexus, 7, 100129.
Das, B. D., & Bhattarai, A. (2025). The versatility of algae in addressing the global sustainability challenges. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 13, 1621817.
Das, N., Bhattacharya, S., & Maiti, M. K. (2016). Enhanced cadmium accumulation and tolerance in transgenic tobacco overexpressing rice metal tolerance protein gene OsMTP1 is promising for phytoremediation. Plant Physiol Biochem, 105, 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.04.049
de Lorenzo, V. (2022). Environmental Galenics: large-scale fortification of extant microbiomes with engineered bioremediation agents. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 377(1857), 20210395.
Dementyeva, P., Freudenberg, R. A., Baier, T., Rojek, K., Wobbe, L., Weisshaar, B., & Kruse, O. (2021). A novel, robust and mating-competent Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain with an enhanced transgene expression capacity for algal biotechnology. Biotechnology Reports, 31, e00644.
Di Rocco, G., Taunt, H. N., Berto, M., Jackson, H. O., Piccinini, D., Carletti, A.,... Purton, S. (2023). A PETase enzyme synthesised in the chloroplast of the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is active against post-consumer plastics. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 10028.
Dissanayake, L., & Jayakody, L. N. (2021). Engineering microbes to bio-upcycle polyethylene terephthalate. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 9, 656465.
Doty, S. L., James, C. A., Moore, A. L., Vajzovic, A., Singleton, G. L., Ma, C.,... Strand, S. E. (2007). Enhanced phytoremediation of volatile environmental pollutants with transgenic trees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104(43), 16816-16821. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0703276104
Durrieu, C., Tran-Minh, C., Chovelon, J.-M., Barthet, L., Chouteau, C., & Védrine, C. (2006). Algal biosensors for aquatic ecosystems monitoring. The European Physical Journal-Applied Physics, 36(2), 205-209.
Evangelou, M. W., Papazoglou, E. G., Robinson, B. H., & Schulin, R. (2014). Phytomanagement: phytoremediation and the production of biomass for economic revenue on contaminated land. In Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 1 (pp. 115-132): Springer.
Feng, J., Jester, B. W., Tinberg, C. E., Mandell, D. J., Antunes, M. S., Chari, R.,... Baker, D. (2015). A general strategy to construct small molecule biosensors in eukaryotes. Elife, 4. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10606
Furuhata, Y., Sakai, A., Murakami, T., Nagasaki, A., & Kato, Y. (2020). Bioluminescent imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana using an enhanced Nano-lantern luminescence reporter system. PLoS One, 15(1), e0227477.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227477
Govindasamy, R., Gayathiri, E., Sankar, S., Venkidasamy, B., Prakash, P., Rekha, K.,... Thiruvengadam, M. (2022). Emerging trends of nanotechnology and genetic engineering in cyanobacteria to optimize production for future applications. Life, 12(12), 2013.
Gruiz, K., & Fenyvesi, É. (2017). In-situ and real-time measurements in water monitoring. Engineering Tools for Environmental Risk Management: 3. Site Assessment and Monitoring Tools.
Guo, X., Li, M., & Zuo, X. (2024). Gene circuit-based sensors. Fundamental Research.
Gupta, S., Kumar, A., Janeja, H. S., Prakash, A., & Anand, R. (2024). Genetic engineering in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.): current progress and future directions for enhanced crop improvement. J Adv Biol Biotechnol, 27(5), 739-751.
Haigh-Florez, D., de la Hera, C., Costas, E., & Orellana, G. (2014). Microalgae dual-head biosensors for selective detection of herbicides with fiber-optic luminescent O2 transduction. Biosens Bioelectron, 54, 484-491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2013.10.062
Han, S., Han, W., Chen, J., Sun, Y., Dai, M., & Zhao, G. (2020). Bioremediation of malachite green by cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 engineered with a triphenylmethane reductase gene. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 104(7), 3193-3204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10438-w
Haoujar, I., Altemimi, A. B., Abrini, J., & Cacciola, F. (2025). Phytoremediation of heavy metals by microalgae: A mini review. International Aquatic Research, 17(1), 17.
Haque, S., Zeyaullah, M., Nabi, G., Srivastava, P. S., & Ali, A. (2010). Transgenic tobacco plant expressing environmental E. coli merA gene for enhanced volatilization of ionic mercury. J Microbiol Biotechnol, 20(5), 917-924. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1002.02001
Helfield, J. M., & Diamond, M. L. (1997). Use of constructed wetlands for urban stream restoration: a critical analysis. Environmental Management, 21(3), 329-341.
Hinz, A. J., Stenzler, B., & Poulain, A. J. (2022). Golden Gate Assembly of Aerobic and Anaerobic Microbial Bioreporters. Appl Environ Microbiol, 88(1), e0148521. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01485-21
Hwang, H. H., Yu, M., & Lai, E. M. (2017). Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: biology and applications. Arabidopsis Book, 15, e0186. https://doi.org/10.1199/tab.0186
Ismaiel, M., El-Ayouty, Y. M., & Al-Badwy, A. H. (2019). Biosorption Analysis and Penoxsulam Herbicide Removal Efficiency by Transgenic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Overexpression the Cyanobacterial Enzyme Glutathione-stransferase. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 12(5).
James, D. (2024). Impact assessment of genetically engineered trees: an overview on risk assessment and management. Biotechnological approaches for sustaining Forest trees and their products, 425-462.
Janpum, C., Pandhal, J., Pombubpa, N., Komkhum, T., Sirichan, C., Srichuen, P., & In-na, P. (2025). Bio-hydrogel formulation for co-immobilization of microalgae and bacteria in living biofilters for nutrient recovery from secondary industrial effluents. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 101075.
Kafle, A., Timilsina, A., Gautam, A., Adhikari, K., Bhattarai, A., & Aryal, N. (2022). Phytoremediation: Mechanisms, plant selection and enhancement by natural and synthetic agents. Environmental Advances, 8, 100203.
Kalafut, T., Wales, M. E., Rastogi, V. K., Naumova, R. P., Zaripova, S. K., & Wild, J. R. (1998). Biotransformation patterns of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene by aerobic bacteria. Curr Microbiol, 36(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002849900278
Kim, J. W., Park, S. B., Tran, Q. G., Cho, D. H., Choi, D. Y., Lee, Y. J., & Kim, H. S. (2020). Functional expression of polyethylene terephthalate-degrading enzyme (PETase) in green microalgae. Microb Cell Fact, 19(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-020-01355-8
Kirby, J. R. (2010). Designer bacteria degrades toxin. Nat Chem Biol, 6(6), 398-399. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.378
Klein, J. (2024). Progesterone metabolism in digitalis and other plants—60 years of research and recent results. Plant and Cell Physiology, 65(10), 1500-1514.
Kozminska, A., Wiszniewska, A., Hanus-Fajerska, E., & Muszynska, E. (2018). Recent strategies of increasing metal tolerance and phytoremediation potential using genetic transformation of plants. Plant Biotechnol Rep, 12(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-017-0467-2
Kumar, M., Prusty, M. R., Pandey, M. K., Singh, P. K., Bohra, A., Guo, B., & Varshney, R. K. (2023). Application of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing for abiotic stress management in crop plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, 1157678.
Kumari, S., Kumar, V., Kothari, R., & Kumar, P. (2024). Nutrient sequestration and lipid production potential of Chlorella vulgaris under pharmaceutical wastewater treatment: experimental, optimization, and prediction modeling studies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 31(5), 7179-7193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31719-7
Kuppusamy, S., Palanisami, T., Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K., & Naidu, R. (2016). In-situ remediation approaches for the management of contaminated sites: a comprehensive overview. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 236, 1-115.
Kurumata, M., Takahashi, M., Sakamotoa, A., Ramos, J. L., Nepovim, A., Vanek, T.,... Morikawa, H. (2005). Tolerance to, and uptake and degradation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) are enhanced by the expression of a bacterial nitroreductase gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. Z Naturforsch C J Biosci, 60(3-4), 272-278. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2005-3-412
Lea-Smith, D. J., Hassard, F., Coulon, F., Partridge, N., Horsfall, L., Parker, K. D. J.,... Krasnogor, N. (2025). Engineering biology applications for environmental solutions: potential and challenges. Nat Commun, 16(1), 3538. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-58492-0
Legault, E. (2013). A mass balance field study of the phytoremediation of trichloroethylene with transgenic poplars genetically modified with cytochrome P450 2E1.
Legault, E. K., James, C. A., Stewart, K., Muiznieks, I., Doty, S. L., & Strand, S. E. (2017). A Field Trial of TCE Phytoremediation by Genetically Modified Poplars Expressing Cytochrome P450 2E1. Environ Sci Technol, 51(11), 6090-6099. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04758
Leong, Y. K., & Chang, J. S. (2020). Bioremediation of heavy metals using microalgae: Recent advances and mechanisms. Bioresour Technol, 303, 122886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122886
Li, M., Heng, Q., Hu, C., Wang, Z., Jiang, Y., Wang, X.,... Rahman, S. U. (2024). Phytoremediation efficiency of poplar hybrid varieties with diverse genetic backgrounds in soil contaminated by multiple toxic metals (Cd, Hg, Pb, and As). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 283, 116843.
Li, X., Shen, X., Jiang, W., Xi, Y., & Li, S. (2024). Comprehensive review of emerging contaminants: Detection technologies, environmental impact, and management strategies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 278, 116420.
Li, Y., Dhankher, O. P., Carreira, L., Lee, D., Chen, A., Schroeder, J. I.,... Meagher, R. B. (2004). Overexpression of phytochelatin synthase in Arabidopsis leads to enhanced arsenic tolerance and cadmium hypersensitivity. Plant Cell Physiol, 45(12), 1787-1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pch202
Liu, C., Yu, H., Zhang, B., Liu, S., Liu, C. G., Li, F., & Song, H. (2022). Engineering whole-cell microbial biosensors: Design principles and applications in monitoring and treatment of heavy metals and organic pollutants. Biotechnol Adv, 60, 108019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108019
Liu, W., & Stewart Jr, C. N. (2016). Plant synthetic promoters and transcription factors. Current opinion in biotechnology, 37, 36-44.
Liu, Y., Chen, L., Yu, L., Yang, C., Zhu, J., Wang, J.,... Yang, Y. (2023). Confinement-enhanced microalgal individuals biosensing for digital atrazine assay. Biosens Bioelectron, 241, 115647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2023.115647
Luo, Z., Liu, C. L., Yang, X., Zhu, J. K., & Huang, C. F. (2023). Mitigating cadmium accumulation in rice without compromising growth via modifying the regulatory region of OsNRAMP5. Stress Biol, 3(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44154-023-00117-x
Ma, W., Tang, S., Dengzeng, Z., Zhang, D., Zhang, T., & Ma, X. (2022). Root exudates contribute to belowground ecosystem hotspots: A review. Front Microbiol, 13, 937940. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.937940
Macellaro, G., Pezzella, C., Cicatiello, P., Sannia, G., & Piscitelli, A. (2014). Fungal laccases degradation of endocrine disrupting compounds. Biomed Res Int, 2014, 614038. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/614038
Mahlangu, D., Mphahlele, K., De Paola, F., & Mthombeni, N. H. (2024). Microalgae-mediated biosorption for effective heavy metals removal from wastewater: A review. Water, 16(5), 718.
McLaughlin, J. E., Bin-Umer, M. A., Widiez, T., Finn, D., McCormick, S., & Tumer, N. E. (2015). A lipid transfer protein increases the glutathione content and enhances Arabidopsis resistance to a trichothecene mycotoxin. PLoS One, 10(6), e0130204.
Muhammad, G., Butler, T. O., Chen, B., Lv, Y., Xiong, W., Zhao, X.,... Xu, J. (2024). Sustainable production of lutein—An underexplored commercially relevant pigment from microalgae. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(6), 7255-7276.
Ncibi, M. C., Mahjoub, B., Mahjoub, O., & Sillanpää, M. (2017). Remediation of emerging pollutants in contaminated wastewater and aquatic environments: biomass?based technologies. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water, 45(5), 1700101.
Negri, M. C., Hinchman, R. R., & Gatliff, E. G. (1996). Phytoremediation: using green plants to clean up contaminate soil, groundwater, and wastewater. Retrieved from
Nepal, A., Antonious, G. F., Bebe, F. N., Webster, T. C., Gyawali, B. R., & Neupane, B. (2024). Heavy metal accumulation in three varieties of mustard grown under five soil management practices. Environments, 11(4), 77.
Parmar, P., Kumar, R., Neha, Y., & Srivatsan, V. (2023). Microalgae as next generation plant growth additives: Functions, applications, challenges and circular bioeconomy based solutions. Front Plant Sci, 14, 1073546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1073546
Patel, S. K. S., Gupta, R. K., Kim, S. Y., Kim, I. W., Kalia, V. C., & Lee, J. K. (2021). Rhus vernicifera Laccase Immobilization on Magnetic Nanoparticles to Improve Stability and Its Potential Application in Bisphenol A Degradation. Indian J Microbiol, 61(1), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00912-4
Patel, V. K., Das, A., Kumari, R., & Kajla, S. (2023). Recent progress and challenges in CRISPR-Cas9 engineered algae and cyanobacteria. Algal Research, 71, 103068.
Petri, M., Cordon, G. B., Diz, V. E., González, G. A., & Lagorio, M. G. (2024). Chlorophyll fluorescence in sentinel plants for the surveillance of chemical risk. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 257, 112965.
Pilon-Smits, E. A., Hwang, S., Mel Lytle, C., Zhu, Y., Tai, J. C., Bravo, R. C.,... Terry, N. (1999). Overexpression of ATP sulfurylase in indian mustard leads to increased selenate uptake, reduction, and tolerance. Plant Physiol, 119(1), 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.119.1.123
Rahman, S. U., Khan, M. O., Ullah, R., Ahmad, F., & Raza, G. (2024). Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for the development of transgenic crops; present and future prospects. Molecular Biotechnology, 66(8), 1836-1852.
Rajamani, S., Torres, M., Falcao, V., Ewalt Gray, J., Coury, D. A., Colepicolo, P., & Sayre, R. (2014). Noninvasive evaluation of heavy metal uptake and storage in micoralgae using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based heavy metal biosensor. Plant Physiol, 164(2), 1059-1067. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.229765
Rani, S., Gunjyal, N., Ojha, C., & Singh, R. P. (2021). Review of challenges for algae-based wastewater treatment: Strain selection, wastewater characteristics, abiotic, and biotic factors. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 25(2), 03120004.
Rasala, B. A., Barrera, D. J., Ng, J., Plucinak, T. M., Rosenberg, J. N., Weeks, D. P.,... Mayfield, S. P. (2013). Expanding the spectral palette of fluorescent proteins for the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant J, 74(4), 545-556. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12165
Ravikumar, M., Velmurugan, K., John, A. J., & Selvarajan, E. (2024). Microalgae to remove pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) from wastewater. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 62, 103415.
Rezvani, F. (2025). Optimizing Mixed Cultures of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus Sp. for Enhanced Nitrate Removal and CO2 Fixation in Groundwater Bioremediation. International Journal of Environmental Research, 19(5), 208.
Richmond, A. (2003). Biological principles of mass cultivation. Handbook of microalgal culture: Biotechnology and applied phycology, 125-177.
Sarma, H., Islam, N. F., Prasad, R., Prasad, M. N. V., Ma, L. Q., & Rinklebe, J. (2021). Enhancing phytoremediation of hazardous metal(loid)s using genome engineering CRISPR-Cas9 technology. J Hazard Mater, 414, 125493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125493
Shinohara, H., Moriyama, Y., Ohyama, K., & Matsubayashi, Y. (2012). Biochemical mapping of a ligand?binding domain within Arabidopsis BAM1 reveals diversified ligand recognition mechanisms of plant LRR?RKs. The Plant Journal, 70(5), 845-854.
Shourie, A., Mazahar, S., & Singh, A. (2024). Biotechnological approaches for enhancement of heavy metal phytoremediation capacity of plants. Environ Monit Assess, 196(9), 789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-024-12940-4
Shukla, S. M., Pradeep, A., & Singh, V. (2025). Enzymes From Soil Algae and Their Applications. In Soil Algae: Morphology, Ecology and Biotechnological Applications (pp. 151-173): Springer.
Sincak, M., Šoltisová, K., Luptakova, A., & Sedlakova-Kadukova, J. (2023). Overproduction of efflux pumps as a mechanism of metal and antibiotic cross-resistance in the natural environment. Sustainability, 15(11), 8767.
Singh, O. V., Ghai, S., Paul, D., & Jain, R. K. (2006). Genetically modified crops: success, safety assessment, and public concern. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 71(5), 598-607.
Sobieh, S. S., Abed El-Gammal, R., El-Kheir, W. S. A., El-Sheimy, A. A., Said, A. A., & El-Ayouty, Y. M. (2022). Heterologous Expression of Cyanobacterial Cyanase Gene (CYN) in Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii for Bioremediation of Cyanide Pollution. Biology (Basel), 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11101420
Sozoniuk, M., & Kowalczyk, K. (2022). Genetically modified poplars with improved abiotic stress resistance-recent accomplishments. A review. Agronomy Science, 77(3).
Spicer, A., & Molnar, A. (2018). Gene Editing of Microalgae: Scientific Progress and Regulatory Challenges in Europe. Biology (Basel), 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/biology7010021
Su, H., Zou, T., Lin, R., Zheng, J., Jian, S., & Zhang, M. (2020). Characterization of a phytochelatin synthase gene from Ipomoea pes-caprae involved in cadmium tolerance and accumulation in yeast and plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 155, 743-755.
Subashchandrabose, S. R., Ramakrishnan, B., Megharaj, M., Venkateswarlu, K., & Naidu, R. (2013). Mixotrophic cyanobacteria and microalgae as distinctive biological agents for organic pollutant degradation. Environment international, 51, 59-72.
Tang, L., Mao, B., Li, Y., Lv, Q., Zhang, L., Chen, C.,... Shao, Y. (2017). Knockout of OsNramp5 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system produces low Cd-accumulating indica rice without compromising yield. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 14438.
Tang, L., Mao, B., Li, Y., Lv, Q., Zhang, L., Chen, C.,... Zhao, B. (2017). Knockout of OsNramp5 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system produces low Cd-accumulating indica rice without compromising yield. Sci Rep, 7(1), 14438. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-14832-9
Thakur, M., Medintz, I. L., & Walper, S. A. (2019). Enzymatic bioremediation of organophosphate compounds—progress and remaining challenges. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 7, 289.
Timofeeva, A. M., Galyamova, M. R., & Sedykh, S. E. (2023). Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria of Soil: Designing of Consortia Beneficial for Crop Production. Microorganisms, 11(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11122864
Ugwuanyi, E. D., Nwokediegwu, Z. Q. S., Dada, M. A., Majemite, M. T., & Obaigbena, A. (2024). The role of algae-based wastewater treatment systems: A comprehensive review. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 21(02), 937-949.
Venegas-Rioseco, J., Ginocchio, R., & Ortiz-Calderon, C. (2021). Increase in Phytoextraction Potential by Genome Editing and Transformation: A Review. Plants (Basel), 11(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010086
Wang, Y., & Demirer, G. S. (2023). Synthetic biology for plant genetic engineering and molecular farming. Trends in Biotechnology, 41(9), 1182-1198.
Webster, L. J., Villa-Gomez, D., Brown, R., Clarke, W., & Schenk, P. M. (2024). A synthetic biology approach for the treatment of pollutants with microalgae. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 12, 1379301.
Wong, M. H., Giraldo, J. P., Kwak, S. Y., Koman, V. B., Sinclair, R., Lew, T. T.,... Strano, M. S. (2017). Nitroaromatic detection and infrared communication from wild-type plants using plant nanobionics. Nat Mater, 16(2), 264-272. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4771
Wu, H., Wang, R., Yan, P., Wu, S., Chen, Z., Zhao, Y.,... Guo, Z. (2023). Constructed wetlands for pollution control. Nature reviews earth & environment, 4(4), 218-234.
Xu, T., Close, D. M., Sayler, G. S., & Ripp, S. (2013). Genetically modified whole-cell bioreporters for environmental assessment. Ecol Indic, 28, 125-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.01.020
Yaashikaa, P. R., Devi, M. K., & Kumar, P. S. (2022). Engineering microbes for enhancing the degradation of environmental pollutants: A detailed review on synthetic biology. Environ Res, 214(Pt 1), 113868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113868
Yang, K. M., Poolpak, T., & Pokethitiyook, P. (2023). Rhizodegradation: The plant root exudate and microbial community relationship. In Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants, Volume 7 (pp. 209-229): Springer.
Yang, Y., Hassan, S. H., Awasthi, M. K., Gajendran, B., Sharma, M., Ji, M.-K., & Salama, E.-S. (2023). The recent progress on the bioactive compounds from algal biomass for human health applications. Food Bioscience, 51, 102267.
Yang, Z., Yang, F., Liu, J.-L., Wu, H.-T., Yang, H., Shi, Y.,... Chen, K.-M. (2022). Heavy metal transporters: Functional mechanisms, regulation, and application in phytoremediation. Science of the Total Environment, 809, 151099.
Yao, Z., Li, J., Xie, H., & Yu, C. (2012). Review on remediation technologies of soil contaminated by heavy metals. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 16, 722-729.
Yasmeen, E., Wang, J., Riaz, M., Zhang, L., & Zuo, K. (2023). Designing artificial synthetic promoters for accurate, smart, and versatile gene expression in plants. Plant Commun, 4(4), 100558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100558
Zaman, W., Ali, S., & Akhtar, M. S. (2024). Harnessing the Power of Plants: Innovative Approaches to Pollution Prevention and Mitigation. Sustainability, 16(23), 10587.
Zhang, J., Zhang, M., Tian, S., Lu, L., Shohag, M. J., & Yang, X. (2014). Metallothionein 2 (SaMT2) from Sedum alfredii Hance confers increased Cd tolerance and accumulation in yeast and tobacco. PLoS One, 9(7), e102750. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102750
Zhang, L., Rylott, E. L., Bruce, N. C., & Strand, S. E. (2017). Phytodetoxification of TNT by transplastomic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) expressing a bacterial nitroreductase. Plant Molecular Biology, 95(1), 99-109.
Zhang, Y., & Huang, C.-f. (2019). Reduction in cadmium accumulation in japonica rice grains by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of OsNRAMP5. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18(3), 688-697.
Zhang, Y., Tian, L., & Lu, C. (2023). Chloroplast gene expression: Recent advances and perspectives. Plant Commun, 4(5), 100611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100611
Zhou, L., Dey, C. R., Wert, S. E., DuVall, M. D., Frizzell, R. A., & Whitsett, J. A. (1994). Correction of lethal intestinal defect in a mouse model of cystic fibrosis by human CFTR. Science, 266(5191), 1705-1708. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7527588
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |