National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS)
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PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com / submit@ijcmas.com Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39 NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38 |
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most critical threats to global health, food safety, and sustainable development in the 21st century. The rapid emergence and dissemination of resistant microbial strains compromise the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents, rendering common infections increasingly difficult to treat. A key driver of AMR is the widespread, and often indiscriminate, use of antibiotics across multiple sectors—including human healthcare, veterinary medicine, and agriculture. In particular, intensive livestock production systems are recognized as significant contributors to AMR due to the routine use of antimicrobials not only for therapeutic purposes but also for prophylaxis and growth promotion. This extensive usage fosters the selection pressure that promotes the evolution of multidrug-resistant bacteria within animal populations. These resistant pathogens, along with their resistance genes, can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with animals, consumption of contaminated animal products, and via environmental pathways such as water bodies, soil, and air polluted with animal waste. The interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment underlines the need for a comprehensive One Health approach to address AMR. This review summarizes the major causes of AMR in humans, livestock, and environmental systems, and explores the complex mechanisms by which resistance develops and spreads. Additionally, current global and regional strategies aimed at mitigating AMR are discussed, including antimicrobial stewardship programs, surveillance networks, regulatory policies, alternatives to antibiotics, and public awareness campaigns. Strengthening intersectoral coordination, enforcing responsible antimicrobial use, and investing in research and innovation are pivotal to curbing this global health crisis. A holistic and sustained effort is essential to preserve the efficacy of existing antimicrobials and to safeguard public and animal health in the long term.
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