National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS)
|
PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com submit@ijcmas.com Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39 NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38 |
Cars are major means of transportation in the world and its internal environment support the growth of diverse microorganism which makes up the flora. This study investigates and focuses on identification and quantification of bacteria and fungi sample from car interior. Air samples were collected from five cars twice within Rivers State University. The samples were collected using plate sedimentation method and their identities were confirmed using morphological, microscopic and biochemical test. The percentage of occurrence of bacteria and fungi was calculated and susceptibility testing was done using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The mean range of Total Heterotrophic Bacteria (THB), Total Heterotrophic Fungi (THF) and Total Staphylococcus Count (TSC) ranged between 2.1±0.07 to 6.6±0.4 Cfu/min-m2, 0.35±0.07 to 5.0±0.6 Sfu/min-m2, and 0.90±0.14 to 2.6±0.14 Cfu/min-m2 respectively. Eleven (11) bacteria species belonging to Six (6) genera were identified: Pseudomonas sp. 2(18.4%), Staphylococcus sp. 3(27.3%), Bacillus sp. 3(27.3%), Enterococcus sp. 1(9%) Streptococcus sp. 1(9%) and Micrococcus sp1(9%). The fungal isolates were Aspergillus sp. 1(10%), Mucor sp. 1(10%), Penicillium sp. 2(20%). Trichoderma sp. 1(10%), Rhizopus sp. 2(20%) and Fusarium sp. 3(30%). The percentage occurrence for bacteria show that Staphylococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. were the most occurring bacteria isolated while for fungi, Fusarium sp., Rhizopus sp. and Penicillium sp. were the most occurring fungi isolated. Antibiogram for bacteria show that Staphylococcus sp. was susceptible to ampiclox, pefloxacin and streptomycin and resistant to amoxicillin and septrin, Bacillus sp. was susceptible to ampilcox, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin and resistant to septrin and amoxicillin. It is recommended that shuttle owners should always sanitize and disinfect surfaces of their shuttles and other parts, to reduce the microbial load and thus, reducing public health impact of potential bacterial and fungal infections on passengers.
Baboli, Z., Hayati, R., Mosavion, K., Goudarzi, M., Sadeghi-Nejad, B., Ghanbari, F., Maleki, H., Yazdani, M., Hayat Davoudi, G., & Goudarzi, G. (2024). An evaluation of fungal contamination and its relationship with PM levels in public transportation systems. Environmental Research, 25(2), 118901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118901
Cheesbrough, M. (2006), District Laboratory Practice in tropical Countries – Part 2, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 146 - 155
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. (2024). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (34th ed.; CLSI supplement M100). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
Dybwad, M., Granum, P. E., Bruheim, P., & Blatny, J. M. (2012). Characterization of airborne bacteria at an underground subway station. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(6), 1915–1921. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.07212-11
Gołofit-Szymczak, M., Stobnicka-Kupiec, A., & Górny, R. L. (2019). Impact of air-conditioning system disinfection on microbial contamination of passenger cars. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 12, 1127–1135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-019-00731-7
Gołofit-Szymczak, M., Wójcik-Fatla, A., Stobnicka-Kupiec, A., & Górny, R. L. (2023). Filters of automobile air conditioning systems as in-car source of exposure to infections and toxic moulds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(49), 108188–108200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29947-y
Grydaki, N., Colbeck, I., & Whitby, C. (2024). Characterization of bioaerosols associated with commuter transport micro-environments using high throughput sequencing. Science of the Total Environment, 957, 177539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177539
Kidd, S., Halliday, C. L., Alexiou, H., & Ellis, D. H. (2016). Descriptions of medical fungi (3rd ed., revised November 2016). Adelaide, South Australia: CutCut Digital
Kooken, J. M., Fox, K. F., & Fox, A. (2012). Characterization of Micrococcus strains isolated from indoor air. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 26(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcp.2011.09.003
Luksamijarulkul, P., Arunchai, N., Luksamijarulkul, S., & Kaewboonchoo, O. (2005). Improving microbial air quality in air-conditioned mass transport buses by opening the bus exhaust ventilation fans. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 36(4), 1032–1038.
Miller, W. R., Munita, J. M., & Arias, C. A. (2014). Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy, 12(10), 1221–1236. https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2014.956092
Murray, C. J. L., Ikuta, K. S., Sharara, F., Swetschinski, L., Robles Aguilar, G., Gray, A., Han, C., Bisignano, C., Rao, P., Wool, E., Johnson, S. C., Browne, A. J., Chipeta, M. G., Fell, F., Hackett, S., Haines-Woodhouse, G., Hamadani, B. H. K., Kumaran, E. A. P., McManigal, B.,... Naghavi, M. (2022). Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: A systematic analysis. The Lancet, 399(10325), 629–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. (2003). Performance standards for antimicrobial disk susceptibility tests (8th ed., Approved Standard M2-A8). NCCLS.
Pang, Z., Raudonis, R., Glick, B. R., Lin, T.-J., & Cheng, Z. (2019). Antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Mechanisms and alternative therapeutic strategies. Biotechnology Advances, 37(1), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.013
Tamsi, N. S. F., Latif, M. T., Othman, M., Abu Bakar, F. D., Yusof, H. M., Noraini, N. M. R., Zahaba, M., & Sahani, M. (2022). Antibiotic resistance of airborne bacterial populations in a hospital environment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 194(9), 629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10291-6
World Health Organization. (2021). Roadmap to improve and ensure good indoor ventilation in the context of COVID-19. World Health Organization.
Citations
|
|
|
