National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS)
|
PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com submit@ijcmas.com Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39 NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38 |
Graywater reuse helps to address global water scarcity, but its safe application requires careful quality assessment to reduce potential health risks. An intervention work was set up to quantify and analyse the amount of graywater generated within a college campus and to provide an overview of its quality. This study quantified graywater generation and characterised its quality across two residential buildings on a college campus, analysing 120 samples collected over 02 years. Physicochemical parameters (TOC, COD, BOD, TSS, nitrate, surfactants, chlorine, and turbidity) and microbial indicators were evaluated. Microbial assessments targeted total heterotrophs, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and pathogens including Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., and Enterococcus spp. Total coliforms ranged from 1.48 ±1.60 x103 to 5.42 ±1.28 x104CFU/mL (p<0.05), and E. coli from 1.01±0.03×102 to 3.81±1.65×104 CFU/ mL (p<0.05), indicating consistent high-level bacterial contamination. The present study also highlights the occurrence of protozoan, specifically Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts, when evaluated using formalin–ether concentration and calcium carbonate flocculation techniques, both of which detected low levels in the samples. Overall, the results confirm elevated pathogenic contamination, underscoring the need for treatment prior to reuse.
Abedin, S. B., & Rakib, Z. bin. (2013). Generation and Quality Analysis of Graywater at Dhaka City. Environmental Research, Engineering and Management, 64 (2). https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.erem.64.2.3992.
Benami, M., Gross, A., Herzberg, M., Orlofsky, E., Vonshak, A., & Gillor, O. (2013). Assessment of pathogenic bacteria in treated graywater and irrigated soils. Science of the Total Environment, 458–460 (May 2011), 298–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.023
Birks, R., & Hills, S. (2007). Characterisation of indicator organisms and pathogens in domestic graywater for Recycling. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 129 (1–3), 61–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9427-y
Chaudhary, A., Rana, S., Singh, R., Gurian, P. L., Betancourt, W., Kumar, A., & Kumar, A. (2023). Non-potable water reuse and the public health risks from protozoa and helminths: a case study from a city with a semi-arid climate. Journal of Water and Health, 21 (8), 981–994. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2023.283
Dasgupta, S., & Bhathena, Z. (2026).Pilot-Scale Efficacy of Bacteriophage Cocktail For Reducing Enteric Bacteria In Domestic Graywater. Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (Vol. 13). http://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2603233.pdf
Edwin, G. A., Gopalsamy, P., & Muthu, N. (2014). Characterization of domestic gray water from point source to determine the potential for urban residential reuse: a short review. Applied Water Science, 4 (1), 39–49 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-013-0128-8
Eze, V. C., Onwuakor, C. E., & Mgbeokwere, E. U. (2015). Comparative Analysis of the Microbiological and Physicochemical Characteristics of Graywater Sources in Off-Campus Hostels at Michael. In Int.J. Curr.Microbiol. App.Sci (Vol. 4, Issue 8). http://www.ijcmas.com
Jahne, M. A., Schoen, M. E., Garland, J. L., & Ashbolt, N. J. (2017). Simulation of enteric pathogen concentrations in locally-collected graywater and wastewater for microbial risk assessments. Microbial Risk Analysis, 5, 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2016.11.001
Keely, S. P., Brinkman, N. E., Zimmerman, B. D., Wendell, D., Ekeren, K. M., de Long, S. K., Sharvelle, S., & Garland, J. L. (2015). Characterization of the relative importance of human- and infrastructure-associated bacteria in grey water: A case study. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 119 (1), 289–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12835
Khurana, S., Sharma, P., Sharma, A., & Malla, N. (2012). Evaluation of Ziehl-Neelsen staining, auramine phenol staining, antigen detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction, for the diagnosis of intestinal cryptosporidiosis. Tropical Parasitology, 2 (1), 20–23. https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5070.9723
Kotut, K. (2011). Physico-Chemical and Microbial Quality of Graywater from Various Households in Homa Bay Town. The Open Environmental Engineering Journal, 4 (1), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874829501104010162
Laaffat, J., Aziz, F., Ouazzani, N., & Mandi, L. (2019). Biotechnological approach of graywater treatment and reuse for landscape irrigation in small communities. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 26 (1), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.01.006
Mandal, D., Labhasetwar, P., Dhone, S., Dubey, A. S., Shinde, G., & Wate, S. (2011). Water conservation due to graywater treatment and reuse in urban setting with specific context to developing countries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 55 (3), 356–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.11.001
Motie, I., Burns, K., Thompson, R., Friar, E., Bermingham, I., Ranasinghe, U., & Wiese-Rometsch, W. (2022). Acinetobacter radioresistens and Enterococcus casseliflavus co-infection with endocarditis, bacteremia, and pneumonia. IDCases, 30.
Ottoson, J., & Axel Stenstr om, T. (2003). Faecal contamination of graywater and associated microbial risks. In Water Research (Vol. 37).
Oteng-Peprah, M., Acheampong, M. A., & deVries, N. K. (2018). Graywater Characteristics, Treatment Systems, Reuse Strategies and User Perception—a Review. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 229 (8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-018-3909-8
Pachkor, R. T., & Parbat, D. K. (2017). Quantification and Characterization of Grey Water-A Case Study of Shraddha Nagar, Pusad. www.ijraset.com
Patil, P. D., Bhange, V. P., Shende, S. S., & Ghorpade, P. S. (2022). Graywater characterization of an Indian household and potential treatment for reuse. Water-Energy Nexus, 5, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wen.2021.12.001
Platzer, M., Cáceres, V., & Fong, N. (2004). The reuse of treated wastewater for agricultural purposes in Nicaragua; Central America
Rangan, R. P., & Heenalisha, K. (2019). Grey-Water Treatment and Reuse: A Review. In Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology (Vol. 8, Issue 1). www.trp.org.in
Sáez-Nieto, J. A., Medina-Pascual, M. J., Carrasco, G., Garrido, N., Fernandez-Torres, M. A., Villalón, P., & Valdezate, S. (2017). Paenibacillus spp. isolated from human and environmental samples in Spain: detection of 11 new species. New Microbes and New Infections, 19, 19–27.
Shamabadi, N., Bakhtiari, H., Kochakian, N., & Farahani, M. (2015). The Investigation and Designing of an Onsite Grey Water Treatment Systems at Hazrat-e-Masoumeh University, Qom, IRAN. Energy Procedia, 74, 1337–1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.780
Tilve, M. M. (2014). Seasonal Variation In Greywater Quality For A Real Life System. In IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology.
Citations
|
|
|
