National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS)
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PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com submit@ijcmas.com Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39 NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38 |
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is among the most strategically important cereal crops on earth. Supplying approximately one-fifth of total human caloric intake and serving as a primary protein source for billions of people across all continents. However, the escalating frequency and intensity of heat and drought stress events driven by anthropogenic climate change now represent one of the most severe and immediate threats to global wheat production and food security. Temperatures exceeding the optimal range for wheat growth during the critical reproductive stage trigger cascading physiological, biochemical, and molecular disruptions that culminate in yield and quality losses. This review synthesizes the current understanding of the impacts of heat and drought stress on wheat. This review is organized across four major dimensions: (1) physiological and morphological responses to heat and drought stress, including photosynthetic impairment, membrane thermostability disruption, stomatal behavior, reproductive organ damage, and altered source-sink dynamics; (2) molecular mechanisms underpinning heat tolerance, encompassing the heat shock protein (HSP) chaperone network, heat shock transcription factors (HSFs), dehydration-responsive element binding (DREB) proteins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, and epigenetic regulation; (3) the interactive and often synergistic impacts of combined heat and drought stress, a condition increasingly prevalent in major wheat-growing regions, including its effects on gametophyte development, endosperm formation, starch biosynthesis, and grain protein composition; and (4) breeding and management strategies for improving heat stress tolerance, encompassing conventional breeding, marker-assisted selection, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping, genomic selection, transgenic approaches, CRISPR-based genome editing, and agronomic management practices. Selected research findings synthesized from field and controlled environment trials conducted across contrasting environments demonstrate that genotype, environment, and their interaction all substantially influence the expression of heat tolerance traits, underscoring the need for multi-environment evaluation frameworks. Research tables summarize findings from 30+ studies, covering yield losses, grain quality, gene expression, QTL loci, and management outcomes. The review concludes by identifying critical knowledge gaps and highlighting priority research directions, including the urgent need to develop climate-resilient wheat cultivars capable of sustaining productivity under increasingly higher temperature environments.
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