Follow
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences (IJCMAS)
Home Editorial Board Current Issue Special Issue Archives Indexing Submit Article
Instruction to Authors Manuscript Charges Copyright Form Model Manuscript Process Flow (Time Frame) FAQ
Reviewer Guidelines Selection of Reviewers Join our Team of Reviewers Apply as Reviewer Reviewer Login
Editorial Review Policy Embargo Policy Ethical Expectations Consent For Identifying Information Informed Consent Manuscript Withdrawal Policy Peer Review Process Plagiarism Policy Ethical Violations Appeal Policy Against Editorial Decision Advertising Policies Authorship Policy
Access Policies Authorship Publication Policy Publication Ethics Complaints Policy Confidential Information Conflicts of Interest Policy Consent for Copyrighted Material Copyright Policy Corrections and Retractions Digital Preservation Policy Research On Human And Animal Studies Open Access Policy
Publication Ethics Contact
IJCMAS is now DOI (CrossRef) registered Research Journal. The DOIs are assigned to all published IJCMAS Articles.
Index Copernicus ICI Journals Master List 2023 - IJCMAS--ICV 2023: 95.56 For more details click here
National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS) : NAAS Score: *5.38 (2020) [Effective from January 1, 2020] For more details click here

Join as a Reviewer

Login as a Reviewer

Indexed in



National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS)
NAAS Score: *5.38 (2020)
[Effective from January 1, 2020]
For more details click here
ICV 2023: 95.56
Index Copernicus ICI Journals Master List 2023 - IJCMAS--ICV 2023: 95.56
For more details click here
Announcement

See Guidelines to Authors
Current Issues
Download Publication Certificate

Original Research Articles                      Volume : 14, Issue:12, December, 2025
PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706
Issues : 12 per year
Publisher : Excellent Publishers
Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com /
submit@ijcmas.com
Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash
Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39
NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38
Metrics and citations

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2025.14(12): 210-239
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2025.1412.022


Utility of Chromogenic Agar Media for Isolation and Presumptive Identification of Urinary Bacterial Pathogen and Analysis of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern
K. Sifana Thasni*
MES institute of paramedical sciences, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Malappuram - 679338, Kerala, India
*Corresponding author
Abstract:

Urine samples are the most common specimens sent to the microbiology laboratory. Rapid identification of the pathogens provides useful information to the clinician for initiating appropriate antibiotic therapy. Most of the laboratories use blood agar, MacConkey agar for primary isolation of urine samples. HiCrome UTI agar is such a versatile primary culture tool that facilitates rapid isolation as well as presumptive identification and differentiation of most uropathogens. The Microbiological performance of HiCrome UTI agar medium was compared With Blood agar and MacConkey agar for isolation and presumptive identification of Bacteria from urine culture and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolates obtained. Also check the multidrug resistance pattern of obtained isolates. From the microbiology laboratory urine sample collected and will be inoculated on Bloodagar, MacConkeyAgar, CHROME agar. Organism identified and compared with conventional method and then antibiotic sensitivity test will be done according to CLSI guidelines. Also check their multidrug resistance pattern. Out of 874 urine culture, 481 yielded bacterial growths and 393 showed no growth. Gram negative organisms predominate showing. Urinary tract infection was more prevalent in age group between 21-40 years. E. coli is most predominant bacteria isolated (150). The ability of Hicrome UTI agar to detect Uropathogens is equal to that of the combination of the two reference media Blood agar and MacConkey agar. All the 429 were identified in HiCrome UTI agar (100%) whereas From Blood agar and MacConkey agar (99%) and (93%) respectively. In case of presumptive identification HiCrome UTI agar precedes the other conventional media. Out of 68 mixed bacterial growths all (100%) were detected by HiCrome UTI Agar on second day itself. Most of the isolates are showing high resistance to antibiotics. In conclusion HiCrome UTI agar is recommended as single medium for direct isolation, presumptive identification. The Higher prevalence of urinary tract infection was seen in females than males. E. coli was the predominant pathogen responsible for Urinary tract infection followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The present study observed the high prevalence of multidrug resistance among bacterial uropathogens. Particularly, rate of resistance to carbapenems and third generation cephalosporins were higher. Early detection and close monitoring of MDR must be started by all clinical microbiology laboratories to reduce the antimicrobial resistance that is now a global problem.


Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Hicrome UTI agar, Presumptive identification, antibiotic susceptibility

References:
  1. Betty A. Forbes, Daniel F. Sahm, Alice S. Weissfeld, Bailey & Scott’s Diagnostic microbiology. 12th edition chapter 57, page no-842.
  2. PMG Filius, D. Van Netten, P. J. E Roovere, A. G. Vulto, I. C Gyssens, H. A Verbrugh ”Comparative evaluation of three chromogenic agars for detection and rapid identification of aerobic Gram-negative bacteria in the normal intestinal microflora.” Clin Microbiol infec 2003; 9: P 912-918.
  3. Perry JD, Freydiere AM. The application of chromogenic media in clinical microbiology. J Appl Microbiol. 2007; 103: 2046–2055.
  4. Lakshmi V, Satheeshkumar T, Kulkarni G. Utility of Urichrom II – A Chromogenic Medium for Uropathogens. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2004; 22(3): 153–158
  5. Fallon D, Ackland G, Andrews N. A comparison of the performance of commercially available chromogenic agars for the isolation and presumptive identification of organisms from urine. J Clin Pathol. 2003; 56: 608–612.
  6. Manickam K, Karlowsky JA, Adam H, Lagace-Wiens PRS, Rendina A, Pang P, et al., CHROMagar Orientation Medium Reduces Urine Culture Workload. J Clin Microbiol. 2013; 51(4): 1179–1183
  7. Ciragil, P., Gul, M., Aral, M., Ekerbicer, H. 2006. Evaluation of a new chromogenic medium for isolation and identification of common urinary tract pathogens. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 25: 108–1113.
  8. Leela Rani, Venkata Bharat Kumar Pinnelli, Hemavathi, Sandhya Belwadi, Rajendran, R. 2012. Utility of HiChrome Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Agar Medium for Identification of Uropathogens: A Comparative Study with Other Conventional Media. J. Chem. Pharmaceutical Res., ISSN: 2319 1716 Volume 1: Issue 4.
  9. Lakshmi, V., Satheeshkumar, T., Kulkarni, G. 2004. Utility of Urichrom II – A Chromogenic Medium for Uropathogens. Indian J. Med. Microbiol., 22(3): 15.
  10. Sharmin S, Alamgir F, Begum F, and Jaigirdar Q. 2010. Use of chromogenic agar media for identification of uropathogen. Bangladesh J. Med. Microbiol. 4: 18–23
  11. Parveen, R., Saha, S. K., Shamshuzzaman, S. M., Rashid, A. L., Chowdhury, A., Muazzam, N. 2011. Detection of Uropathogens by Using Chromogenic Media (Hicrome UTI agar), CLEDagar and other Conventional Media. Faridpur Med. Coll. J., 6(1): 46-50.
  12. Arwa M Abullah, “Use of chromogenic agar in detection of urinary tract pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility” Fac. Med Baghdad 2009: Vol51, No1
  13. Samra, Z., Heifetz, M., Talmor, J., Bain, z. and Bahar, J. 1998. Evaluation of Use of a New Chromogenic Agar in Detection of Urinary Tract Pathogens. Clin. Microbiol., 36(4): 990-994
  14. Sabrina J Moyo, Said Aboud, Mabula Kasubi, Eligius F Lyamya, Samuel Y Maselle ”Antimicrobial resistance among producers of extended spectrum beta-lactamases in urinary isolates at a tertiay hosipal in Tanzania” BMC Research Notes, 2010, 3: 348
  15. B Sasirekha Prevalance of ESBL, AMPC –β lactamases and MRSA among uropathogens and its antibiogram EXCLI journal 2013; 12: 81-88
  16. N, Mallika. M. Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Uropathogens in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Indian Journal for the Practising Doctor 2007; 4(1).
  17. Shafiyabi, S. Krishna, Mariraj Jeer, Paviyhra, Divya ”Trends in antibiotic resistance pattern among Escherichia coli isolates from patients with urinary tract infection in tertiary care hospital Bellary” Int J Pharm sci Rev. Res., 24(2), Jan- Feb 2014: 08 43-49
  18. Razak SK, Gurushantappa V. Bacteriology of Urinary Tract Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in tertiary Care Hospital in South India. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2012; 1(2): 109-112.
  19. Sibi G, Devi AP, Fouzia K, Patil BR. Prevalence, microbiologic profile of UTI and its treatment with trimethoprim in diabetic patients. Reserch Journal of Microbiology 2011; 6: 543-51,
  20. Chaudhary Navin Kumar, Murthy S Mahadeva ”Extended spectrum bet alactamases in uropathogen” Asian journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research Vol 6, Issue 3, 2013
  21. LeeparDas RN, Chandrashekar TS, Joshi HS, Gurung M, Shrestha N, Shivananda PG. Frequency and susceptibility profile of pathogens causing urinary tract infections at a tertiary care hospital in western Nepal. Singapore Med J 2006; 47(4): 281-5.
  22. Akter ML, Haque R, Salam MA. Comparative evaluation of chromogenic agar medium and conventional culture system for isolation and presumptive identification of uropathogens. Pak J Med Sci 2014; 30(5): 1033- 1038.
  23. Raafat R, Dwedar R, El-Seidi E. Evaluation of the chromogenic medium (CPS) in the isolation and identification of urinary tract pathogens. Egypt J Med Microbiol. 2015; 38: 1–6.
  24. Retelj and Harlander T Chromogenic media for urine cultures can be cost effective Stov Med J 2007; 76: 145-9
  25. Samra, Z., Heifetz, M., Talmor, J., Bain, z. and Bahar, J. 1998. Evaluation of Use of a New Chromogenic Agar in Detection of Urinary Tract Pathogens. J. Clin. Microbiol., 36(4): 990-994.
  26. Hengstler, K. A., R. Hammann, and A. Fahr. 1997. Evaluation of BBL CHROMagar Orientation medium for detection and presumptive identification of urinary tract pathogens. J. Clin. Microbiol., 35: 2773–2777.
  27. Aspell, O., Osterman, B., Dttmer, R., Sten, L., Lindback, E., Forsum, U. et al., Performance of four chromogenic urineculture media after one or two days of incubation compared with reference media. J. Clin. Microbiol., 40: 1500-1503
  28. Carricajo, A., Boiste, S., Thore, J., Aubert, G., Gille, Y., Freydiere, A. M. et al., Comparative evaluation of five chromogenic media for detection, enumeration and identification of urinary tract pathogens. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 18: 796–803
  29. Scarparo, C., Piccoli, P., Ricordi, P., Scagnelli, M. Comparative evaluation of two commercial chromogenic media for detection and presumptive identification of urinary tract pathogens. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., 21: 283–289
  30. Kothari A, Sagar V. Antibiotic resistance in pathogens causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in India: a multicenter study. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2008; 2(5): 354-8.
  31. Colodner R, Keness Y, Chazan B, Raz R. Antimicrobial susceptibility of community acquired uropathogens in northern Israel. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 200; 18(2): 189-92
  32. Nicolle LE. Uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adults including uncomplicated pyelonephritis. Urol Clin North Am. 2008; 35(1): 1-12
  33. Maheswary D, Saikumar C. Profile of urinary tractinfections and resistance patterns in a tertiary carehospital in India. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 2018; 7 (3): 506-12.
  34. Khan R, Saif Q, Fatima K, et al., Clinical and bacteriological profile of Uti patients attending a north Indian tertiary care center. Journal of Integrative Nephrology and Andrology 2015; 2(1): 29-34
  35. Dash M, Padhi S, Mohanty I, et al., Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens causing urinary tract infections in a rural community of Odisha, India. J Fam Community Med 2013; 20(1): 20-
  36. Haritsa KB, Shashikala N, Kumar SDC, Sampath S. Isolation, identification and speciation of Enterococci and their antimicrobial susceptibility in a tertiary care hospital. J Evol Med Dent Sci. 2014; 3(63): 13893-99.
  37. Barman J, Nath R, Saikia L. Drug resistance in Enterococcus species in a tertiary level hospital in Assam, India. Indian J Med Res. 2016; 143(1): 107-10.
  38. Shanmukhappa, Venkatesha D, Ajantha GS, Kumari A, Koppad M. Isolation, identification & speciation of Enterococci by conventional method & their Antibiogram. Nat J Lab Med.
  39. Sreeja S, Babu PRS, Prathab AG. The prevalence and the characterization of the Enterococcus species from various clinical samples in a tertiary care hospital. J Clin Diagn Res.
  40. Bhakare U, Thombare V, Nagdeo N. Identification of Enterococcus species isolated from clinical specimens and detection of vancomycin resistant enterococci. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2014; 5(2): 847-52. 2; 6(9): 1486-88. 15; 4(2): 1-6.
  41. Shobha KL, Gowrish RS, Sugandhi R, Sreeja CK. Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases in Urinary Isolates of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella and Citrobacter Species and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Indian Journal for the Practising Doctor 2007; 3(6).
  42. Mohammed A, Mohammed S, Asad U K. Etiology and antibiotic resistance.
Download this article as Download

How to cite this article:

Sifana Thasni K. 2025. Utility of Chromogenic Agar Media for Isolation and Presumptive Identification of Urinary Bacterial Pathogen and Analysis of Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern.Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 14(12): 210-239. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2025.1412.022
Copyright: This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license.

Citations
Home | Terms of Use | Copyright Form 2012-2020 Copy rights reserved IJCMAS. Powered by ThinkNEXT Technologies