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Original Research Articles                      Volume : 14, Issue:11, November, 2025
PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706
Issues : 12 per year
Publisher : Excellent Publishers
Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com /
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci.2025.14(11): 101-134
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2025.1411.012


SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Review of its Biology, Immunity, and Therapeutic Solutions
Bhanupratap Vishwakarma1*, Harshada Kulaye2, Shruti Tiwari1, Shizan Alam3, Shivani Pandey1 and Sonali Joshi1
1Department of Microbiology, ZSCT’s Thakur Shyamnarayan Degree College, Kandivali Mumbai- 4000101, India 2Department of Microbiology, Kishichand Chellaram College, Mumbai-400020, India 3Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Khalsa College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Dadar, Mumbai -400019, India
*Corresponding author
Abstract:

The global emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to an unprecedented health crisis, underscoring the critical importance of understanding its biology to inform control measures, immunity, and treatment approaches. This review explores the virus’s structural and genomic characteristics, including the spike protein and mechanisms of host cell entry, and compares SARS-CoV-2 with related coronaviruses, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. An analysis of transmission dynamics highlights factors such as viral load, routes of exposure, and host susceptibility, which together shape the virus’s spread. We further examine the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2, detailing its replication cycle, host-pathogen interactions, and impact on multiple organ systems. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is assessed through both innate and adaptive mechanisms, shedding light on immune evasion strategies and implications for long-term immunity. The role of immune memory and the potential for reinfection are discussed in the context of emerging viral variants, which pose challenges to vaccine efficacy and herd immunity efforts. This review also covers therapeutic strategies, including antiviral drugs, immunomodulators, and vaccines, alongside promising new treatments under investigation. Finally, we address challenges in SARS-CoV-2 research and propose directions for future studies, emphasizing the lessons learned from this pandemic to enhance preparedness for future outbreaks. Through a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge, this review aims to contribute to the ongoing efforts to mitigate SARS-CoV-2’s impact on global health.


Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Viral structure, Spike protein, ACE2 receptor, Immune evasion, Antiviral therapies, Monoclonal antibodies, Vaccine efficacy, Variants of concern

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Bhanupratap Vishwakarma, Harshada Kulaye, Shruti Tiwari, Shizan Alam, Shivani Pandey and Sonali Joshi. 2025. SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Review of Its Biology, Immunity, and Therapeutic Solutions.Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 14(11): 101-134. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2025.1411.012
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