National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS)
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PRINT ISSN : 2319-7692
Online ISSN : 2319-7706 Issues : 12 per year Publisher : Excellent Publishers Email : editorijcmas@gmail.com / submit@ijcmas.com Editor-in-chief: Dr.M.Prakash Index Copernicus ICV 2018: 95.39 NAAS RATING 2020: 5.38 |
Antibiotics remain the cornerstone of infection management in both humans and animals, targeting a wide spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms. However, the misuse and overuse of these agents have accelerated the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a global public health threat. Opportunistic pathogens, which are normally harmless under healthy conditions, can become life-threatening when host immunity is compromised. Common opportunistic organisms include Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, fungal pathogens such as Candida albicans, and protozoan parasites like Cryptosporidium. These pathogens exhibit resistance through multiple mechanisms, including genetic mutations, modification of target sites and enzymes, activation of efflux pumps, and acquisition of resistance genes via horizontal gene transfer. Such adaptive strategies significantly reduce the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics, complicating treatment and increasing morbidity and mortality rates. To address this growing challenge, novel therapeutic approaches are being explored. Promising alternatives include vaccines that prevent infection before onset, bacteriophage therapy that harnesses viruses to specifically target bacterial pathogens, nanoparticles with potent antimicrobial and biofilm-disrupting properties, and antimicrobial peptides that mimic innate host defense mechanisms. Together, these emerging strategies represent potential breakthroughs in combating AMR and restoring the efficacy of infection management. This review highlights the urgent need for innovative interventions, integrated surveillance, and responsible antibiotic stewardship. By combining conventional and novel approaches, the global community can work towards mitigating the threat of antibiotic resistance and ensuring sustainable therapeutic options for future generations.
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