Despite significant progress in the field of infectious diseases, osteomyelitis remains a problem for the orthopedic community. Rate of infection in open fractures in long bones is 64-4% mentioned. Chronic infections have serious side effects, including disability and even amputation, and still is not a desirable treatment. This study aimed to assess the incidence of osteomyelitis in Imam Reza hospital of Tabriz and its influencing factors and methods to reduce and prevent osteomyelitis is done in traumatic patients.  All cases of traumatic patients with long-bone fractures who is admitted to Imam Reza hospital from March 2010 until the end of December 2013 extracted. Recorded variables are age, sex, multiple trauma or trauma of single organs, from admission until orthopedic surgery time, fracture type (open or closed), received prophylactic antibiotics before and after surgery, systemic diseases were analyzed. 151 of the 184 patients were male (82.1%) and 33 were female (17.9%).Fractures in 73 patients with a frequency of 39% was open and in 111 patients was close (60%).111 of the patients had associated diseases that were respectively 47 patients ICU hospitalization (25%),43 patients surgery (23%) and 9 patients diabetes (4%).Only 24 patients with frequency of 13% were suffering from osteomyelitis. The relationship between delay in surgery was significantly associated with osteomyelitis (p-value <0.01).The study not found any significant relationship between age and osteomyelitis (p-value = 0.79).The relationship between sex and osteomyelitis, were significant which represents an increase of osteomyelitis in male sex (p-value <0.01).The relationship between type of fracture and osteomyelitis were significant, which increases in open fractures (p-value <0.01).The relationship between systemic diseases associated with osteomyelitis was significant (p-value <0.01).There is no relationship between receiving antibiotics before surgery and osteomyelitis (p-value = 0.67).The relationship between receive antibiotics after surgery and osteomyelitis was significant (p-value <0.01). According to the study it can be concluded that systemic disease, older age, open fracture, In Males and a delay in orthopedic surgery in traumatic patients increases osteomyelitis and take antibiotics after surgery reduce the risk of osteomyelitis.

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